Lakskij Jazyk: Fonetika I Morfologija [The Lak Language: Phonetics and Morphology]. (2020, August 27). The metaphor TIME AS SPACE across languages. Masters thesis, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby. doi: 10.1006/cogp.2001.0748. There are two different causes of semantic change. It is well known that words for front and back are commonly used as temporal metaphors in a wide range of different languages and cultures (e.g., Traugott, 1978; Haspelmath, 1997, pp. 42, 122. In order to obtain elevation semantic, we propose a process in two steps that takes advantage of the geometric abstraction: (1) . Adelaar, W. (2019). Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. The opposite of broadening is a process called narrowing. West Greenlandic. Around the year 1100, 'knight' came to mean 'military follower of a king or other superior.'. This type of co-expression or combination of distance and elevation in demonstratives is not obligatory because there are languages such as Makalero (Table 3), Hatam, Iaai, Hua, Tidore, and Baskeet (8), in which elevational demonstratives are unmarked for distance and cannot be co-expressed with distance. The word, 'hound', traditionally referred to any type of dog. Here are some more amelioration examples: terrific and sick. Among the languages examined in this paper, Movima is particularly rich in demonstratives with unusual meanings such as temporary possession or standing position (Haude, 2006, pp. All languages with LEVEL or ACROSS elevationals also have DOWN and UP elevationals. Traugott, E. C. (1978). the man up there. An Ethnographic Grammar of the Eipo Language Spoken in the Central Mountains of Irian Jaya (West New Guinea), Indonesia. Let's compare two sentences - one uses a word that has gone through the process of amelioration, while the other uses a word that has gone through the opposite process of pejoration. The word 'sick' derives from the Old English word ____. LEXICAL SEMANTICS: Examples: 1. . A Grammar of Nungon: A Papuan Language of the Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. My sample is a convenience sample because elevational demonstratives are not particularly frequent in the worlds languages. Narrowing takes place over a short period of time. An example of an extralinguistic cause would be a word becoming taboo. What is the term given to the opposite of narrowing? Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany, School of Arts, Languages and Cultures, Faculty of Humanities, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom.

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